Innovative testing strategies and their relevance for evaluating chemical drinking water quality

Approaches to evaluate human health hazard of chemical exposure are modernized in order to reduce experimental animal use and investments in time and money, and to increase the predictability of test systems. This report describes the state-of-the-art of in vitro and non-testing hazard evaluation strategies. Besides an overview of available tools, the predictive value of the tools, advantages and opportunities that the testing strategies offer as well as their limitations, and required and foreseen developments in this field are addressed.